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W. Maxwell Cowan
William Maxwell Cowan (September 27, 1931 – June 30, 2002) was a South African neuroscientist known for his work on developmental plasticity and neural connectivity. He is credited with helping to contribute to the growth of modern neuroanatomy through his use of novel anterograde tracing techniques which fundamentally transformed the field in the 1970s.〔Windhorst, Uwe; Johansson, Håkan. 1999. ''Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research''. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 443-444. ISBN 9783540644606.〕〔 Cowan was vice president and chief scientific officer of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute from 1987 until his retirement in 2000.
==Early life and education==
William Maxwell Cowan was born to Scottish parents in Johannesburg, South Africa, on September 27, 1931. In the 1920s, Cowan's family, who previously worked in the shipbuilding industry in Scotland, emigrated to South Africa to look for mining jobs in Transvaal Province after the British government closed many of their shipyards in Glasgow during a peacetime downturn.〔〔 Growing up in Johannesburg, Cowan attended Germiston High School and graduated at the age of 15. Cowan was unsure as to what he would do after graduation, as nobody in his family had ever attended university. It was decided that he would apprentice at a local law firm and attend law school part time. However, when the firm discovered how young he was, they asked Cowan's family to enroll him at University of the Witwatersrand for at least one year, where he would study prelaw with the goal of specializing in real estate law.〔Squire, Larry R. (ed). (2004). (William Maxwell (Max) Cowan ). ''The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography''. Volume 4. Elsevier. pp. 144–209. ISBN 0-12-660246-8.〕〔Raisman, Geoffrey. 2008. "William Maxwell Cowan. 27 September 1931 — 30 June 2002." ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society'', 54: 117–136. December 12. 〕
Cowan's interest in a legal career that first year soon waned, and he became more aware and troubled by the inequality between whites and blacks in South African society. He decided to change careers and study medicine instead when a friend of the family recommended it as way for him to dedicate his life to serving the community. He studied medicine at the University of the Witwatersrand (1951, B.Sc.), several years prior to Sydney Brenner, whom he met at the school. In 1953, at the recommendation of anthropologist Raymond Dart, Cowan went on to Hertford College, Oxford, to study neuroanatomy and perform doctoral research under Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, earning his DPhil (1956) and his BM BCh (1958).〔〔Van Essen, David C.; Joseph L. Price. 2002. "Obituary: W. Maxwell Cowan (1931–2002)". ''Nature'' 418, 600. August 8. 〕
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